意大利摩德纳简介

　摩德纳市位于意大利北部艾米利亚--罗马涅大区北部，人口十八万，是意大利传统的工业、农业重镇，也是意大利最安全的风景游览胜地和最重要的历史文化名城之一，它拥有意大利?美食天堂?的美誉。摩德纳市有许多名胜古迹，是欧洲著名花园城市，其中有著名的有摩德纳大教堂、广场、钟楼，它们都已经被联合国教科文组织列入?世界遗产?目录。摩德纳市也被称为?世界名车之都?，因为?玛莎拉蒂?、?法拉利?、?兰博基尼?、?德?托马索?等多家世界顶级汽车公司总部以及著名高端摩托车公司?杜卡迪?总部都设在该摩德纳市的郊区。下面为你介绍意大利摩德纳市。

　 History in?ancient times

　The territory around Modena was inhabited by the Villanovans in the Iron Age, and later by Ligurian tribes, Etruscans, and the Gaulish Boii. Although the exact date of its foundation is unknown, it is known that it was already in existence in the 3rd century BC, for in 218 BC, during Hannibal's invasion of Italy, the Boii revolted and laid siege to the city. Livy described it as a fortified citadel where Roman magistrates took shelter. The outcome of the siege is not known, but the city was most likely abandoned after Hannibal's arrival. Mutina was refounded as a Roman colony in 183 BC, to be used as a military base by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, causing the Ligurians to sack it in 177 BC. Nonetheless, it was rebuilt, and quickly became the most important centre in Cisalpine Gaul, both because of its strategic importance and because it was on an important crossroads between Via Aemilia and the road going to Verona.

　 古代历史

　摩德纳地区在铁器时代为Villanovan人所定居，然后是利古里亚部落，伊特鲁里亚人，和高卢的波依族人。虽然城市建成的时间不确定，但是有资料表明它最早在公元前三世纪就已经存在。因为在公元前218年，在汉尼拔入侵意大利的时候，波依族人曾经叛乱并且包围了这座城市。历史学家李维将这座城市描述为罗马当局坚守阵地的堡垒。这场保卫战的结果不得而知，但是城市很可能在汉尼拔来之前放弃了。摩德纳在公元前183年被罗马人重建为殖民地，作为马库斯.艾米利乌斯.雷比得的军团基地，结果在公元前177年遭到利古里亚人的洗劫。尽管如此，这座城市很快被重建并迅速成为山内高卢最重要的中心城市，因为它既是战略要地，又是两条重要通道艾米利乌斯大道和通往维罗纳的道路的交叉路口。

　A view of Piazza Grande

　大广场一景（其中中间的建筑是大教堂，右边的建筑是市政厅）

　In the 1st century BC Mutina was besieged twice. The first siege was by Pompey in 78 BC, when Mutina was defended by Marcus Junius Brutus (a populist leader, not to be confused with his son, Caesar's best known assassin). The city eventually surrendered out of hunger, and Brutus fled, only to be slain in Regium Lepidi. In the civil war following Caesar's assassination, the city was besieged again, this time by Mark Antony, in 44 BC, and defended by Decimus Junius Brutus. Octavian relieved the city with the help of the Senate.

　在公元前1世纪摩德纳两次被围困。第一次是公元前78年被庞培围困，当时马库斯.尤尼乌斯.布鲁图守在摩德纳(一位平民派领袖，不要和他那个刺杀了凯撒的儿子混淆)。城市最终因为饥饿投降，布鲁图逃跑，之后在Regium Lepidi兵败身死。凯撒遇刺之后的内战中，这座城市再一次被围，这次是被安东尼于公元前44年所围。守将是德奇姆斯.布鲁图。屋大维在元老院的支持下赦免了这座城市。

　Cicero called it Mutina splendidissima ("most beautiful Mutina") in his Philippics (44 BC). Until the 3rd century AD, it kept its position as the most important city in the newly formed Aemilia province, but the fall of the Empire brought Mutina down with it, as it was used as a military base both against the barbarians and in the civil wars. It is said that Mutina was never sacked by Attila, for a dense fog hid it (a miracle said to be provided by Saint Geminianus, bishop and patron of Modena), but it was eventually buried by a great flood in the 7th century and abandoned.

　西塞罗在他的文章Philippics中称摩德纳为最美丽的摩德纳。直到公元3世纪，摩德纳始终是新设的艾米莉亚行省最重要的城市，但是随着罗马帝国的崩溃，摩德纳地位下降，因为它逐渐成为抗击蛮族和军阀混战的军事基地。据说摩德纳从来没有被阿提拉洗劫过，因为浓雾掩蔽(据说是Saint Geminianus，摩德纳主教和保护人创造的奇迹)。但是它最终还是因为公元7世纪的大洪水被人们抛弃。

　As of December 2008, Italian researchers have discovered the pottery center where the oil lamps that lit the ancient Roman empire were made. Evidence of the pottery workshops emerged in Modena, in central-northern Italy, during construction work to build a residential complex near the ancient walls of the city. "We found a large ancient Roman dumping filled with pottery scraps. There were vases, bottles, bricks, but most of all, hundreds of oil lamps, each bearing their maker's name", Donato Labate, the archaeologist in charge of the dig, stated.

　2008年12月，研究人员在摩德纳发现了陶罐中心，也就是罗马人用来制造油灯的地方。关于意大利中北部存在陶罐作坊的证据因为靠近古代城墙的地方所在的居民区建筑工程被找到。Labate博士，负责挖掘的考古学家说?我们找到了大量古代罗马的陶罐碎片。这里有花瓶，瓶子，砖头，但大部分都是成百上千的油灯，每一个都标注着制造者的名字?。

　 Main sights

　 主要景点

　 Town Hall

　Facing the Piazza Grande (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), the Town Hall of Modena was put together in the 17th and 18th centuries from several pre-existing edifices built from 1046 as municipal offices.

　It is characterized by a Clock Tower (Torre dell'Orologio, late 15th century), once paired with another tower (Torre Civica) demolished after an earthquake in 1671. In the interior, noteworthy is the Sala del Fuoco ("Fire Hall"), with a painted frieze by Niccol? dell'Abbate (1546) portraying famous characters from Ancient Rome against a typical Emilia background. The Camerino dei Confirmati ("Chamber of the Confirmed") houses one of the symbols of the city, the Secchia Rapita, a bucket kept in memory of the victorious Battle of Zappolino (1325) against Bologna. This relic inspired the poem of the same title by Alessandro Tassoni. Another relic from the Middle Ages in Modena is the Preda Ringadora, a rectangular marble stone next to the palace porch, used as a speakers' platform, and the statue called La Bonissima ("The Very Good"): the latter, portraying a female figure, was erected in the square in 1268 and later installed over the porch.

　 市政大厅

　面对大广场(联合国教科文组织世界遗产之一)，摩德纳市政大厅由几个17和18世纪的大型建筑组成，这些建筑从1046年开始就是地方政务办公室的所在。确认会堂里面保存着这座城市的象征，一个纪念Zappolino战役胜利的木桶。

　市政大厅引人注目的是钟楼，曾经有一对钟楼，但是由于1671年的一场地震，另一座钟楼毁掉了。在市政大厅里面，火焰大厅值得关注，那里有Niccolo dell Abbate绘制的艾米莉亚背景的罗马人物肖像。这个纪念物激发了Alessandro Tassoni的灵感，创作了同名诗歌。另外宫殿走廊上的一个流传自中世纪的纪念物是一个长方形大理石，那上面曾经是一座演讲台，以及上面的雕像。雕像叫做La Bonissima,后来描绘了一个女性人物的肖像，1268年被磨损了，然后就保存在走廊上面。

　 The Cathedral and the Ghirlandina

　The Cathedral of Modena and the annexed campanile are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Begun under the direction of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany with its first stone laid June 6, 1099 and its crypt ready for the city's patron, Saint Geminianus, and consecrated only six years later, the Duomo of Modena was finished in 1184. The building of a great cathedral in this flood-prone ravaged former center of Arianism was an act of urban renewal in itself, and an expression of the flood of piety that motivated the contemporary First Crusade. Unusually, the master builder's name, Lanfranco, was celebrated in his own day: the city's chronicler expressed the popular confidence in the master-mason from Como, Lanfranco: by God's mercy the man was found (inventus est vir). The sculptor Wiligelmus who directed the mason's yard was praised in the plaque that commemorated the founding. The program of the sculpture is not lost in a welter of detail: the wild dangerous universe of the exterior is mediated by the Biblical figures of the portals leading to the Christian world of the interior. In Wiligelmus' sculpture at Modena, the human body takes on a renewed physicality it had lost in the schematic symbolic figures of previous centuries. At the east end, three apses reflect the division of the body of the cathedral into nave and wide aisles with their bold, solid masses. Modena's Duomo inspired campaigns of cathedral and abbey building in emulation through the valley of the Po.

　 大教堂和钟楼

　摩德纳大教堂以及附属的钟楼是联合国教科文组织的世界遗产之一。1099年6月6日，在托斯卡纳伯爵的指导下开始修建，旨在纪念这座城市的保护者Saint Geminianus。6年后摩德纳大教堂开始供奉神明，1184年全部竣工。大教堂的建设是在破坏阿里乌斯教派的潮流中进行的，同时也促进城市本身的更新，表达了人们的宗教虔诚，并且激发了第一次十字军运动。不同寻常的是，建筑设计者的名字Lanfranco也会被人们在他生日的那天庆祝：城市的编年史上记载了他当时对这座杰作的自信：在上帝的怜悯下，人类发现了自己。雕刻家Wiligelmus指导了大教堂的内院建筑，他在黑死病时期称赞过这座建筑的落成。雕塑的轮廓没有在细节的混乱下丢失：狂乱危险的外部世界中，一个圣经中的人物沉思过后，一座通向基督世界的大门向内打开。在摩德纳Wiligelmus的雕刻作品中，人体呈现出一种过去象征人物没有的全新的物质性。在东边，三个拱室反映了大教堂的整体分割成中殿，和宽敞的过道。摩德纳大教堂的设计激发了大教堂钟楼和整个波河河谷庄园建设的灵感。

　 Museums

　 Museum Enzo Ferrari

　Inaugurated on 10 March 2012, the museum complex includes Enzo Ferrari?s birthplace and a futuristic automotive design gallery, painted in the yellow that Enzo Ferrari chose as the background for the Prancing horse on his logo. The exhibition gallery was designed by the famous architect Jan Kaplick?, who suddenly died in 2009, and carried on by his associate and loyal assistant Andrea Morgante.

　The interior features a multimedia display of pictures, unpublished films and precious mementoes of Enzo Ferrari?s life as a man, driver and car-maker throughout the 20th century.

　The Exhibition Gallery houses a flexible mounting representing story, figures, places and races of the Modenese sport motor racing.

　 博物馆

　恩佐法拉利博物馆

　成立于2012年3月10日，这个博物馆包括恩佐法拉利的出生地和一座未来主义的自动设计画廊，画廊刷着黄色，这是恩佐法拉利为他的商标上骏马腾空背景选的颜色。画廊设计出自著名建筑师 Jan Kaplick?，他于2009年突然死去，但是画廊继续由他的助手Andrea Morgante完成。

　画廊内部是图片的多媒体展示，未公开的影像资料，和之前恩佐法拉利作为20世纪个人，车手和汽车商人的祈祷文。

　画廊保存着不断增加的代表性故事，人物，地点和摩德纳赛车比赛的资料。

　 Teatro Comunale Modena

　The Teatro Comunale Modena (Community Theatre of Modena, but renamed in October 2007 as "Teatro Comunale Luciano Pavarotti") is an opera house in Modena. The idea for the creation of the present theatre dates from 1838, when it became apparent that the then-existing Teatro Comunale di via Emilia (in dual private and public ownership) was no longer suitable for staging opera. However, this house had been the venue for presentations of all of the works of Donizetti, Bellini and Rossini up to this time, and a flourishing operatic culture existed in Modena.

　Under the Mayor of Modena in collaboration with the Conservatorio dell'Illustrissima Comunit? (Conservatory of the Most Illustrious Community), architect Francesco Vandelli was engaged to design the Teatro dell'Illustrissima Comunit?, as the theatre was first called, "for the dignity of the city and for the transmission of the scenic arts".[2] Paid for in the manner typical of the time - from the sale of boxes - in addition to a significant gift from Duke Friedrich IV, Vandelli created a design for the new theatre combining ideas from those in Piacenza, Mantua, and Milan, and it opened on 2 October 1841 with a performance of Gandini's Adelaide di Borgogna al Castello di Canossa, an opera specially commissioned for the occasion.

　 摩德纳社区剧院

　摩德纳社区剧院(2007年10月改名Luciano Pavarotti社区剧院)是摩德纳的一座歌剧院。

　 Cuisine

　"Cotechino Modena", as served with polenta and lentils.

　Modena has a rich and diversified cuisine, often including meats, hams and salamis. One of the most famous Modenese dishes is "zampone" (the fatter and heartier version) or "cotechino modena" (cotechino is leaner and less fat than zampone). Cotechino dates back to around 1511 to Mirandola, where, whilst besieged, the people had to find a way to preserve meat and use the less tender cuts, so made the cotechino. By the 18th century it had become more popular than the yellowish sausage had been around at the time, and in the 19th century was in mass production in and around the area.

　Modena's contribution to the Italian pasta culture are tortellini and tortelloni which are squares of pasta shaped in the form of a ring and stuffed with meat or cheese.

　"Cappello da prete" is also a popular meal, which is a very fatty pig's trotter. Other dishes include "Torta Barozzi" or "Torta Nera", which is a black tart (a dessert made with a coffee/cocoa and almond filling encased in a fine pastry dough), "Ciccioli", made by slowly cooking, compressing, drying, and aging fatty, leftover pieces of pork, and "Pesto modenese", which is cured pork back fat pounded with garlic, rosemary and Parmigiano-Reggiano used to fill borlenghi and crescentine.

　Balsamic vinegar of Modena became a protected geographical indication under EU law in 2000.[3] The vinegar is a condiment for salad, cheese, strawberries and many other dishes. The practice of cooking the must of grapes can be traced back to the ancient Romans: the so-called sapum was used both as a medicinal product and in the kitchen as a sweetener and condiment.

　Modena contains Italy's most acclaimed restaurant, Osteria Francescana, which holds three stars in the Michelin Guide since 2013 and is currently ranked world number 1 in The World's 50 Best Restaurants list.

　 食物

　摩德纳有丰富多样的食物，通常包括肉类，火腿和萨拉米斯。摩德纳最著名的一道菜叫做Zampone(肥而腻的一种)或者Cotechino modena(cotechino是精瘦的，没有zampone那么肥的)。Cotechino可以追溯到1511年的 Mirandola，当时这个城市被围困，人们必须找一种办法保存肉类并且尽量用软刀切，所以发明了这道菜。18世纪以前，这道菜就比当时的黄香肠更有名，在19世纪这道菜大量生产，流行于整个地区。

　摩德纳对意大利面食文化的贡献在于Tortellini这道菜，这道菜做成环状，涂有肉酱或奶酪。

　Cappello da prete也是一道受欢迎的菜，是一种非常肥的猪蹄。其它的菜包括"Torta Barozzi"或者"Torta Nera",这是一种黑色的蛋挞(一种咖啡/可可做成的，里面包着面团的甜点);"CIcioli",一种经过慢煮，打压，烘干，老化而肥的猪肉;还有"Pesto modenese"，一种伴着大蒜，迷迭香的腌猪肉。

　摩德纳香醋成为欧盟法律保护的地方特产。这种醋是为沙拉，奶酪，草莓和许多其它菜品准备的调味品。这种烹调未发酵的葡萄汁的做法，最早可以追溯到古罗马时代： 所谓的sapum经常用于药物和食物进行调味。

　摩德纳拥有意大利最有名的饭店，Osteria Francescana饭店，它从2013年开始就一直在米其林指南中保持3星，目前在全球最棒的50家饭店中排名第一。

Automobile legacy

　Modena is, along with Turin, one of Italy's main centres of the automotive industry, and has a long automobile legacy. The iconic Ferrari supercar was founded in Modena by Modenese car manufacturer Enzo Ferrari. Several Italian supercars such as Pagani, De Tomaso, and Maserati were either founded or are currently headquartered or built within a few kilometers from the city.

　 汽车遗产

　摩德纳，与都灵一样，是意大利汽车工业的主要中心之一，有着漫长的汽车生产历史。豪车巨头法拉利公司，就是在摩德纳成立，老板就是摩德纳人恩佐.法拉利。其他几个意大利豪车生产商，比如兰博基尼，德?托马索，和玛莎拉蒂，都是在摩德纳成立的，或者是把总部设在了摩德纳的。

　Rail Transport

　Modena railway station, opened in 1859, forms part of the Milan?Bologna railway, and is also a terminus of two secondary railways, linking Modena with Verona and Sassuolo, respectively.

　 铁路交通

　摩德纳火车站，1859年开放，构成了米拉-博罗格纳铁路的一部分，并且它也是两条连接维罗纳和萨索罗支线的交通枢纽